LLMMedium
Springer Nature Book 'Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Generative AI: Tools, Techniques and Systems' Reportedly Published With Numerous Purportedly Fabricated or Unverifiable Citations
- Occurred
- Jun 17, 2025
- Published
- Dec 14, 2025
- Source
- AI Incident Database
Summary
'Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Generative AI: Tools, Techniques and Systems,' published by Springer Nature in June 2025, reportedly contains numerous purportedly untraceable academic citations. Independent analyses by multiple researchers allegedly found that a substantial share of references in certain chapters could not be verified, including citations to journals that do not exist. Citation patterns reportedly appear consistent with known large language model hallucination behaviors.
Developers
- Large language model developers
- Generative AI developers
Deployers
- Srikanta Patnaik
- Jair Minoro Abe
- Kazumi Nakamatsu
- Francesco Vigliarolo
- Springer Nature
- Unnamed chapter authors
Harmed parties
- Academic researchers
- AI researchers
- Readers of academic and technical publications
- Students
- Epistemic integrity
Classification
Category confidence: 90%
Severity confidence: 85%
Rationale: Book contains fabricated citations consistent with LLM hallucination behaviors, representing a notable academic integrity failure.
Classifier: Qwen/Qwen3.5-35B-A3B-FP8